Typed event structures and the p-calculus

We propose a typing system for the true concurrent model of event structures that guarantees an interesting behavioural property known as confusion freeness. A system is confusion free if nondeterministic choices are localised and do not depend on the scheduling of independent components. It is a generalisation of con uence to systems that allow nondeterminism. Ours is the rst typing system to control behaviour in a true concurrent model. To demonstrate its applicability, we show that typed event structures give a semantics of linearly typed version of the p-calculi with internal mobility. The semantics we provide is the rst event structure semantics of the p-calculus and generalises Winskel's original event structure semantics of CCS

Respicelltm: An innovative dissolution apparatus for inhaled products

To overcome some of the shortfalls of the types of dissolution testing currently used for pulmonary products, a new custom-built dissolution apparatus has been developed. For inhalation products, the main in vitro characterisation required by pharmacopoeias is the deposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in an impactor to estimate the dose delivered to the target site, i.e., the lung. Hence, the collection of the respirable dose (<5 µm) also appears to be an essential requirement for the study of the dissolution rate of particles, because it results as being a relevant parameter for the pharmacological action of the powder. In this sense, dissolution studies could become a complementary test to the routine testing of inhaled formulation delivered dose and aerodynamic performance, providing a set of data significant for product quality, efficacy and/or equivalence. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, an innovative dissolution apparatus (RespiCell™) suitable for the dissolution of the respirable fraction of API deposited on the filter of a fast screening impactor (FSI) (but also of the entire formulation if desirable) was designed at the University of Parma and tested. The purpose of the present work was to use the RespiCell dissolution apparatus to compare and discriminate the dissolution behaviour after aerosolisation of various APIs characterised by different physico-chemical properties (hydrophilic/lipophilic) and formulation strategies (excipients, mixing technology)

Multiset Bisimulations as a Common Framework for Ordinary and Probabilistic Bisimulations

Our concrete objective is to present both ordinary bisimulations and probabilistic bisimulations in a common coalgebraic framework based on multiset bisimulations. For that we show how to relate the underlying powerset and probabilistic distributions functors with the multiset functor by means of adequate natural transformations. This leads us to the general topic that we investigate in the paper: a natural transformation from a functor F to another G transforms F-bisimulations into G-bisimulations but, in general, it is not possible to express G-bisimulations in terms of F-bisimulations. However, they can be characterized by considering Hughes and Jacobs’ notion of simulation, taking as the order on the functor F the equivalence induced by the epi-mono decomposition of the natural transformation relating F and G. We also consider the case of alternating probabilistic systems where non-deterministic and probabilistic choices are mixed, although only in a partial way, and extend all these results to categorical simulations

Il rapporto stile-industria: l’esperienza italiana nell’abbigliamento formale femminile di fascia alta

L'articolo riporta i risultati di uno studio comparato di casi su strutture e meccanismi di gestione dell'innovazione nel settore della moda

Semantic Subtyping for Objects and Classes

There are two approaches for defining subtyping relations: the syntactic and the semantic one. In the semantic approach one starts from a model of the language of interest and an interpretation of types as subsets of the model. The subtyping relation is then defined as inclusion of sets denoting types. An orthogonal issue, typical of object-oriented languages, is the issue of nominal vs. structural subtyping. We aim to integrate structural subtyping with boolean connectives and semantic subtyping for a object-oriented core language and define a Java-like programming platform that exploits the benefits of both approaches, expressible in terms of code reuse and of compactness of program writing

Semantic Subtyping for Objects and Classes

There are two approaches for defining subtyping relations: the syntactic and the semantic one. In the semantic approach one starts from a model of the language of interest and an interpretation of types as subsets of the model. The subtyping relation is then defined as inclusion of sets denoting types. An orthogonal issue, typical of object-oriented languages, is the issue of nominal vs. structural subtyping. We aim to integrate structural subtyping with boolean connectives and semantic subtyping for a object-oriented core language and define a Java-like programming platform that exploits the benefits of both approaches, expressible in terms of code reuse and of compactness of program writing

The variety and the evolution of business models and organizational forms in the italian fashion industry

Thousands of Italian companies are involved in vertical chains involving textiles and apparel and shoes and leather goods, respectively. These industries have varied business and company models, partly linked to their fragmentation in product categories, prices, customers, channels, and styles. In both domestic and global markets, international competition and the evolution of customers forced those companies to redesign strategies and organizational structures to maintain and reinforce the success attained in the 1980s. We describe the variables of greatest importance in explaining diversity: core businesses and segments, brand portfolio, degree of vertical integration and expertise, internationalization, design, ownership, and growth. We use these variables to analyze strategic models for the twenty-two most important (by revenue) Italian fashion groups and discuss their evolution. Identifying strategic models in fashion/luxury is not easy; competing companies/groups differ in many ways, including differences related to country of origin, even in a continuously globalizing industry

Compositional event structure semantics for the internal pi-calculus

We propose the first compositional event structure semantics for a very expressive pi-calculus, generalising Winskel\u2019s event structures for CCS. The pi-calculus we model is the piI-calculus with recursive definitions and summations. First we model the synchronous calculus, introducing a notion of dynamic renaming to the standard operators on event structures. Then we model the asynchronous calculus, for which a new additional operator, called rooting, is necessary for representing causality due to new name binding. The semantics are shown to be operationally adequate and sound with respect to bisimulation